Lingua proto-maya

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Riga 1: Riga 1:
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'''Proto-Mayan''' is the hypothetical common ancestor of the 30 living [[Mayan languages]], as well as the [[Classic Maya language]]s documented in the [[Maya script|Maya Hieroglyphical inscriptions]].
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{{Tradurre}}
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'''Proto-Mayan''' is the hypothetical common ancestor of the 30 living [[Mayan languages]], as well as the [[Lingua maya classica|Classic Maya language]]s documented in the [[Maya script|Maya Hieroglyphical inscriptions]].
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Riga 7: Riga 8:
Each of these occurring as short and long: '''''aa''''', '''''ee''''', '''''ii''''', '''''oo''''' and '''''uu''''',
Each of these occurring as short and long: '''''aa''''', '''''ee''''', '''''ii''''', '''''oo''''' and '''''uu''''',
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[[Immagine:Pm1.jpg|left]]
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[[Immagine:Pm1.jpg|center]]
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===Sound rules===
===Sound rules===
The following set of sound changes from proto-Mayan to the modern languages are used as the basis of the classification of the Mayan languages. Each sound change may be shared by a number of languages; a grey background indicates no change.
The following set of sound changes from proto-Mayan to the modern languages are used as the basis of the classification of the Mayan languages. Each sound change may be shared by a number of languages; a grey background indicates no change.
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{|class="wikitable"
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[[Immagine:Pm2.jpg|center]]
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|+ Overview of soundrules from Proto-Mayan to modern Mayan language groups
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|-
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! rowspan="3" | Huastecan
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! rowspan="3" | Yucatecan
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! colspan="2" | Cholan-Tzeltalan
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! colspan="2" | Q'anjob'alan-Chujean
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! colspan="4" | K'ichean-Mamean
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|-
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| rowspan="2" | Ch'olan
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| rowspan="2" | Tzeltalan
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| rowspan="2" | Q'anjob'alan
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| rowspan="2" | Chujean
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| colspan="2" | K'ichean
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| colspan="2" | Mamean
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|-
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| <small>Core K'iche' </small>
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| <small>Kaqchikel-<br/>Tz'utujil</small>
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| <small>Mam</small>
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| <small>Ixil</small>
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|-
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|align="center" |*w > b
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|-
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|align="center" |*h > w/_o,u
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|-
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|align="center" colspan="5" |*q > k, *q' > k'
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|-
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|align="center" |*ŋ > h
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|align="center" colspan="5" |*ŋ > n
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|align="center" colspan="4" | *ŋ > x
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" colspan="2" | *e: > i, *o: > u
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" colspan="3" | *a: > {{IPA|ɨ}}
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" | *-t > -tʃ
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" colspan="2" | *t > tʃ
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| align="center" | *-h > -j
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" colspan="4" | CVʔVC > CVʔC
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" colspan="2" |*r > t
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" colspan="2" | *r > j
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|align="center" colspan="2" | *tʃ > tʂ
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|-
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| align="center" | *-ɓ > -ʔ/VCV_#
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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| style="background:#ccc" |
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|-
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|}
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===Developments===
===Developments===
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The palatalized plosives {{IPA|[tʲʼ]}} and {{IPA|[tʲ]}} are not carried down into any of the modern families. Instead they are reflected differently in different branches allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives. In the eastern branch (Chujean-Q'anjob'alan and Cholan) they are reflected as {{IPA|[t]}} and {{IPA|[tʼ]}}. In Mamean they are reflected as {{IPA|[ts]}} and {{IPA|[tsʼ]}} and in Yukatek and K'ichean as {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}} and {{IPA|[tʃʼ]}}.<ref name="England 1994, p.35">England (1994), p.35.</ref>  
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The palatalized plosives [tʲʼ] and [tʲ] are not carried down into any of the modern families. Instead they are reflected differently in different branches allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives. In the eastern branch (Chujean-Q'anjob'alan and Cholan) they are reflected as [t] and [tʼ]. In Mamean they are reflected as [ts] and [tsʼ] and in Yukatek and K'ichean as [tʃʰ] and [tʃʼ].<ref name="England 1994, p.35">England (1994), p.35.</ref>  
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{|class="wikitable"
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[[Immagine:Pm3.jpg|center]]
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|-
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|+reflexes of Proto-Mayan {{IPA|[tʲʼ]}} and {{IPA|[tʲ]}} <ref name="England 1994">adapted from cognate list in England (1994)</ref>
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!Proto-Mayan
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!Q'anjob'al
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!Mam
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!K'iche'
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!English
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|-
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|*{{IPA|tʲeːʔ}}
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|{{IPA|teʔ}}
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|{{IPA|tseʔ}}
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|{{IPA|tʃeːʔ}}
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|tree
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|-
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|*{{IPA|tʲaʔŋ}}
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|{{IPA|tan}}
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|{{IPA|tsaʔX}}
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|{{IPA|tʃaːX}}
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|ashes
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|}
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The Proto-Mayan liquid {{IPA|[r]}} is reflected as {{IPA|[j]}} in the eastern languages (Chujean- Q'anjob'alan and Cholan), Huastecan and Yukatek but as {{IPA|[tʃʰ]}} in Mamean and {{IPA|[r]}} in K'ichean and Poqom.<ref name="England 1994, p.35"/>
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The Proto-Mayan liquid [r] is reflected as [j] in the eastern languages (Chujean- Q'anjob'alan and Cholan), Huastecan and Yukatek but as [tʃʰ] in Mamean and [r] in K'ichean and Poqom.<ref name="England 1994, p.35"/>
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{|class="wikitable"
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[[Immagine:Pm4.jpg|center]]
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|-
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|+reflexes of Proto-Mayan {{IPA|[r]}}  <ref name="England 1994"/>
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!Proto-Mayan
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!Yukatek
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!Ixil
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!K'iche'
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!English
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|-
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|*{{IPA|raʔʃ}}
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|{{IPA|jaʔʃ}}
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|{{IPA|tʃaʔʃ}}
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|{{IPA|raʃ}}
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|green
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|-
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|*{{IPA|kar}}
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|{{IPA|kaj}}
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|{{IPA|tʃaj}}
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|{{IPA|kar}}
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|fish
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|}
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Proto-Mayan velar nasal *{{IPA|[ŋ]}} is reflected as {{IPA|[x]}} in the western branches (K'ichean Mamean), as {{IPA|[n]}} in Q'anjob'alan, Cholan and Yukatekan, and only conserved as {{IPA|[ŋ]}} in Chuj and Poptí.<ref>England (1994), pp.30-31.</ref> In Huastecan *{{IPA|[ŋ]}} is reflected as [h].
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Proto-Mayan velar nasal *[ŋ] is reflected as [x] in the western branches (K'ichean Mamean), as [n] in Q'anjob'alan, Cholan and Yukatekan, and only conserved as [ŋ] in Chuj and Poptí.<ref>England (1994), pp.30-31.</ref> In Huastecan *[ŋ] is reflected as [h].
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{|class="wikitable"
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[[Immagine:Pm5.jpg|center]]
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|-
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|+reflexes of Proto-Mayan {{IPA|[ŋ]}}  <ref name="England 1994"/>
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!Proto-Mayan
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!Q'anjob'al
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!Ixil
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!Poptí
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!English
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|-
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|*{{IPA|ŋeːh}}
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|{{IPA|ne}}
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|{{IPA|xeh}}
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|{{IPA|ŋeh}}
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|tail
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|-
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|}
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The changes of Proto-Mayan glottal fricative {{IPA|[h]}} are many and it has different reflexes according to position. In some positions it has added length to the preceding vowel in languages that preserve a length distinction. In other languages it has the reflexes {{IPA|[w]}}, {{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[ʔ]}}, {{IPA|[x]}} or a zero-reflex.<ref>England (1994), p.37.</ref>
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The changes of Proto-Mayan glottal fricative [h] are many and it has different reflexes according to position. In some positions it has added length to the preceding vowel in languages that preserve a length distinction. In other languages it has the reflexes [w], [j], [ʔ], [x] or a zero-reflex.<ref>England (1994), p.37.</ref>
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Only K'ichean-Mamean and some Q'anjob'alan languages have retained proto-Mayan uvular stops {{IPA|[q]}} and {{IPA|[qʼ]}} whereas all other branches have changed these into {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[kʼ]}} respectively.  
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Only K'ichean-Mamean and some Q'anjob'alan languages have retained proto-Mayan uvular stops [q] and [qʼ] whereas all other branches have changed these into [k] and [kʼ] respectively.  
In Mamean a chain shift took place changing *{{IPA|[r]}} into {{IPA|[t]}}, *{{IPA|[t]}} into {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, *{{IPA|[tʃ]}} into {{IPA|[tʂ]}} and *{{IPA|[ʃ]}} into {{IPA|[ʂ]}}. These retroflex affricates and fricatives later diffused into Q'anjob'alan.<ref>Campbell (1997),  p.164.</ref>
In Mamean a chain shift took place changing *{{IPA|[r]}} into {{IPA|[t]}}, *{{IPA|[t]}} into {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, *{{IPA|[tʃ]}} into {{IPA|[tʂ]}} and *{{IPA|[ʃ]}} into {{IPA|[ʂ]}}. These retroflex affricates and fricatives later diffused into Q'anjob'alan.<ref>Campbell (1997),  p.164.</ref>

Versione attuale delle 21:54, 4 nov 2010

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Proto-Mayan is the hypothetical common ancestor of the 30 living Mayan languages, as well as the Classic Maya languages documented in the Maya Hieroglyphical inscriptions.

Indice

Phonology

The Proto-Mayan language is reconstructed (Campbell and Kaufman 1985) as having the following sounds:

Five vowels: a, e, i, o and u. Each of these occurring as short and long: aa, ee, ii, oo and uu,

Pm1.jpg

Sound rules

The following set of sound changes from proto-Mayan to the modern languages are used as the basis of the classification of the Mayan languages. Each sound change may be shared by a number of languages; a grey background indicates no change.

Pm2.jpg

Developments

The palatalized plosives [tʲʼ] and [tʲ] are not carried down into any of the modern families. Instead they are reflected differently in different branches allowing a reconstruction of these phonemes as palatalized plosives. In the eastern branch (Chujean-Q'anjob'alan and Cholan) they are reflected as [t] and [tʼ]. In Mamean they are reflected as [ts] and [tsʼ] and in Yukatek and K'ichean as [tʃʰ] and [tʃʼ].[1]

Pm3.jpg

The Proto-Mayan liquid [r] is reflected as [j] in the eastern languages (Chujean- Q'anjob'alan and Cholan), Huastecan and Yukatek but as [tʃʰ] in Mamean and [r] in K'ichean and Poqom.[1]

Pm4.jpg

Proto-Mayan velar nasal *[ŋ] is reflected as [x] in the western branches (K'ichean Mamean), as [n] in Q'anjob'alan, Cholan and Yukatekan, and only conserved as [ŋ] in Chuj and Poptí.[2] In Huastecan *[ŋ] is reflected as [h].

Pm5.jpg

The changes of Proto-Mayan glottal fricative [h] are many and it has different reflexes according to position. In some positions it has added length to the preceding vowel in languages that preserve a length distinction. In other languages it has the reflexes [w], [j], [ʔ], [x] or a zero-reflex.[3]

Only K'ichean-Mamean and some Q'anjob'alan languages have retained proto-Mayan uvular stops [q] and [qʼ] whereas all other branches have changed these into [k] and [kʼ] respectively.

In Mamean a chain shift took place changing *Template:IPA into Template:IPA, *Template:IPA into Template:IPA, *Template:IPA into Template:IPA and *Template:IPA into Template:IPA. These retroflex affricates and fricatives later diffused into Q'anjob'alan.[4]

In polysyllabic words Kaqchikel and Tz'utujil have changed a final proto-Mayan *[w] and *Template:IPA into [j] and *Template:IPA respectively.[5]

Huastecan is the only branch to have changed Proto-Mayan *[w] into [b]. Wastek also is the only Mayan language to have a phonemic labialized velar phoneme Template:IPA, but this is known to be a postcolonial development. Comparing colonial documents in Wastek to modern Wastek it can be seen that they were originally clusters of k and a rounded vowel followed by a glide. For example the word for "vulture" which in modern Wastek is pronounced Template:IPA was written <cuyx> in colonial Wastek and pronounced Template:IPA.

The Yucatecan languages have all shifted proto-Mayan *[t] into Template:IPA in wordfinal position.

Several languages particularly Cholan and Yucatecan have changed short [a] into Template:IPA.

All Cholan languages have changed long proto-Mayan vowels Template:IPA and Template:IPA into Template:IPA and Template:IPA respectively.

Vowel length distinction has been lost in Q'anjob'alan-Chujean (except for Mocho' and Akateko), Kaqchikel and Cholan. Some languages have reduced the vowel length distinction into a tense lax distinction that was later lost for most vowels, Kaqchikel however retains a centralized lax schwa-like vowel as a reflex of proto-Mayan Template:IPA[6]. Two languages, Yukatek and Uspantek and one dialect of Tzotzil have introduced a tone distinction in vowels between high and low tones as reflexes of former vowel length and [h] and Template:IPA.

Grammar

Template:Expand-section

Vocabulary

Template:Expand-section

References

  1. ↑ 1,0 1,1 England (1994), p.35.
  2. ↑ England (1994), pp.30-31.
  3. ↑ England (1994), p.37.
  4. ↑ Campbell (1997), p.164.
  5. ↑ Campbell, Lyle, 1998, "Historical Linguistics", Thames & hudson p.170
  6. ↑ England (1994), pp.110-111.

Bibliography of Maya related topics from the University of Texas Anthropology website

External links

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